• br Conflicts of interest br Funding This work

  2021-11-03

  

  Conflicts of interest Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81670558; 81800542), and the Science & Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education (No.2017KJ221). Acknowledgements Introduction Free fatty

• SGLT inhibitors have been accepted as a new class of

  2021-11-03

  

  SGLT-2 inhibitors have been accepted as a new class of antidiabetic agent (Kurosaki and Ogasawara, 2013). They limit renal glucose reabsorption and promote urinary excretion of glucose, thereby reducing plasma glucose levels (de Leeuw and de Boer, 2016, Jojima et al., 2016, Pérez López et al., 2010,

• br Introduction Glucagon is a peptide hormone

  2021-11-03

  

  Introduction Glucagon is a peptide hormone that acts to increase blood glucose levels. The secretion of glucagon from the alpha DAPI hydrochloride of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas is increased during fasting and prevents hypoglycemia. Glucagon increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogene

• br Presenilins and apoptosis Apoptosis also known as

  2021-11-03

  

  Presenilins and apoptosis Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, has a critically important role in tissue homeostasis, development, normal ageing and the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. The presenilins were first linked to apoptosis when ce

• The present in vitro experiments confirm previous suppositio

  2021-11-03

  

  The present in vitro experiments confirm previous suppositions (Ciosek, Gałecka, 2011, Izdebska, Ciosek, 2010) that Gal modulates AVP and OT release by acting at every level of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. In fact, both 10−10 M and 10−8 M Gal diminished basal release of AVP and OT from t

• The schematic diagram of the antagonistic interactions of Zn

  2021-11-03

  

  The schematic diagram of the antagonistic interactions of Zn2+ and neurosteroids (NSs) at GABA-A receptors is summarized in Fig. 7. Neurosteroids exhibit powerful seizure protective effects against experimental seizures probably through the potentiation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA-A receptor-

• Mammals and birds are sensitive

  2021-11-03

  

  Mammals and birds are sensitive either to hypo or hyper glycemia. In contrary some frogs when freezing/thawing experience very high glycemia (Storey and Storey, 1986). Nevertheless when the effect of temperature on Fru-2,6P2 concentration was investigated, the constant glucose level in frogs kept at

• br Sources of funding This work was

  2021-11-03

  

  Sources of funding This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (No. MOP-111096) and from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada awarded to Dr. Danielle Jacques. Disclosures Acknowledgments Introduction A large number of epidemiological, hu

• According to the World Health Organization WHO classificatio

  2021-11-03

  

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, oligodendrogliomas or anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, which are predominantly composed of cells morphologically resembling oligodendrocytes [23]. These tumors are often estimated to re

• Accessibility and physico chemical features of cysteine resi

  2021-11-02

  

  Accessibility and physico-chemical features of cysteine residues define their redox-reactivity and the 3-dimensional structure of GSNOR allows to identifying such surface-exposed, redox-sensitive cysteine residues. GSNOR crystal structures are available from human (Protein Data Bank code: 1MP0), tom

• br Introduction Depressive disorder is a syndrome characteri

  2021-11-02

  

  Introduction Depressive disorder is a syndrome characterized by a group of heterogeneous symptoms that affect more than 350 million people worldwide, 4% of world population (WHO, 2012). The WHO estimates depression will be the leading global cause of disability in 2020, with tremendous economic c

• Some biguanides can cross the

  2021-11-02

  

  Some biguanides can cross the mitochondrial membrane and increase L-lactate formation by inhibiting oxidative SC75741 [34]. On the other hand, it has also been reported that levels of fasting plasma lactate in T2DM patients are similar regardless of whether or not metformin is administered [35] and

• Acknowledgments Financial support from the National

  2021-11-02

  

  Acknowledgments Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81730094, 81473262 and 81573299) is gratefully acknowledged. This project was also supported by the “111 Project” from the Ministry of Education of China, the State Administration of Foreign Expert Affairs of C

• GnRH ant have been designed to obtain pharmacological compou

  2021-11-02

  

  GnRH-ant have been designed to obtain pharmacological compounds to block the pituitary–gonadal axis without the undesirable flare effect exerted by GnRH itself or by the GnRH-a (see Section 2.2). GnRH-ant competitively block the binding of GnRH to GnRHRs (Schally, 1999; Tan & Bukulmez, 2011); they p

• br The methyl aspartate receptor NMDAr hypofunction hypothes

  2021-11-02

  

  The -methyl--aspartate receptor (NMDAr) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia correlates disease symptomology with glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction., , , Therefore, inhibition of glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) to elevate synaptic levels of glycine and potentiate NMDAr signaling is a

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